the Five Confucian Relationships 五常
personal relationships 人际关系；伦常
the Confucianist 儒家
the Legalist 法家
the examination system 科举制度
the“Eight-Legged Essay” 八股文
the scholar-gentry class 士大夫阶层
Pure Flowing Party 清流党
the Imperial Commissioner 钦差大臣
governor-general 总督
governor 巡抚
censor 御史
provincial treasure 布政使
provincial judge 按察使
provincial commander-in-chief 提督
Hanlin Academy 翰林院
Board of Admiralty 海军衙门
China Merchants Steam Navigation Company 轮船招商局
King-nan Arsenal 江南制造局
the Chinese Educational Mission 中国教育使团（指幼童留美）
Taiping Rebellion 太平天国
Nien Rebellion 捻军起义
Moslem Rebellion 回民起义
the Eight Banners 八旗
the Green Standard 绿营
the Ever-Victorious Army 常胜军
Port Hamilton 巨文港（朝鲜南部岛屿）
Port Arthur 旅顺港